International Journal of Business Management and Processes (ISSN 2616-3209)
IJBMP accepts journal articles in all spheres of business management and processes including Auditing; Budgetary Controls; Business Communication; Business Ethics; Business Policies, Strategies, and Performance; Business Processes Reengineering; Business Retail Dynamics; Competitive Advantage; Corporate Governance; Entrepreneurship; Electronic Businesses; Finance; Financial Management; Financial Performance; Financial Reporting; Human Resource Management; Innovation; Internal Controls; International Business Issues; Job Satisfaction Marketing; Operational Performance; Operations Research; Organizational Efficiency; Organizational Performance; Procurement; Change Management; Productivity; Public Financial Management; Relationship Management; Revenue Collection; Risk Management; Service Delivery; Small and Medium Enterprises; Strategic Management Aspects; Supply Chain Management; Working Capital Management; and General Business Research Papers. The editorial team: 1) Prof. Peter Mwaura Njuguna, Laikipia University-Chief Editor 2) Dr. Hannah Wanguhu, Kirinyaga University 3) Dr. Paul Sang, Kenyatta University 4) Dr, John Gichuhi, Karatina University IJBMP is an official publication of Education and Social Sciences Research Association of Kenya (ESSRAK)
Education and Social Sciences Research Association of Kenya
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIQUIDITY AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
The main aim of financial institutions is to operate efficiently in a bid to maintain stability and sustainable growth. Critical drivers to the performance and operational efficiency are external and internal economic environments. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between liquidity and operational efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya for the five-year period 2018 - 2022. Specifically, the study sought to assess the relationship between Market Liquidity and operational efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya, establish the relationship between Funding Liquidity and operational efficiency and determine the relationship between Episodic Liquidity and operational efficiency of commercial banks in Kenya. The choice of the study five-year period was based on the availability of complete data over the study period and explosive growth of the banking sector in the country. This study adopted a descriptive research design with the study population comprising all the 42 operating commercial banks in the country. A sample of 38 banks was obtained and secondary data collected from banks annual reports for the analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive, inferential statistics and regression analysis using SPSS (V23). Regression results indicated that the predictor variables explored in the analysis explained 46.1% of variation in operational efficiency of the commercial banks. The model was statistically significant with each of the explanatory variables, ROA, current ratio and price to earnings ratio exhibiting a positive relationship with the dependent variable. This study thus recommends financial institutions to adopt strategic measures to facilitate favourable liquidity for the commercial banks and thereby enhance their operational efficiency. Further, commercial banks should equally strive to have a large asset base in a bid to improve and record better performance in terms of profitability hence have a higher operational efficiency. Regulatory authorities should equally ensure sustainable climate for commercial banks by regulating the properly different macro-economic indicators.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Business Management and Processes (ISSN 2616-3209)
MOBILE BANKING ADOPTION AND PERFORMANCE OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA
Performance of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) in Kiambu County is deteriorating where 44% of the SACCOs are not meeting the regulator’s requirements. Additionally, the SACCOs recorded reduced return on assets of 8% against expected 10%. SACCOs also recorded low deposit of 5.4% against the recommended 8% (2014) and further dropped in 2015 where deposit was 5% while return on assets was 7.5%. Mobile banking has revolutionized how financial institutions conduct business so as to make a niche in a highly competitive environment. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of mobile banking adoption on performance of SACCOs in Kiambu County, Kenya. The theory of transaction cost, diffusion of innovation and agency were employed in the research. The study utilized descriptive research design that targeted all 14 Deposit Taking Cooperatives in Kiambu County. Purposive sampling technique was used for the identification of three management employees from all the 14 SACCOs in Kiambu County based on their expertise in mobile banking innovations while for the members, convenience sampling aided in the selection of those who visited the banking hall. Semi structured questionnaire was applied in data collection. Six random SACCOs in Nairobi City County were selected for pre-testing to assess the instrument's validity and reliability. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data while multiple regression assisted in analyzing relationship between the variables. The findings showed that mobile banking had a positive and significant relationship (r=0.722, p<0.05) while regression demonstrated a significant effect (β=0.72621, p<0.05) indicating that an increase in mobile banking will raise performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kiambu County by 0.72621 significantly. The study concluded that mobile banking has positive and significant effect on performance of Kiambu County SACCOs. It hence recommended enhancement of mobile banking services and introduction of new innovative transaction services to meet the growing needs thus enhance performance.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Business Management and Processes (ISSN 2616-3209)
EFFECT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS ON MANAGEMENT OF REVENUE FUNDS IN COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAKURU, KENYA
An Internal Control System (ICS) is a structured framework designed to monitor and evaluate an organization’s processes and operations, ensuring alignment with established objectives. This system is essential for safeguarding assets, enhancing the reliability of financial reporting, and ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations. By systematically assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, the ICS facilitates the achievement of strategic goals and mitigates risks associated with operational inefficiencies and potential fraud. This study aimed to investigate the impact of internal control systems on the management of revenue funds in the County Government of Nakuru, Kenya. Employing a descriptive research design, the research targeted a population of 504 employees from the Nakuru County Treasury Department. A simple random sampling technique was utilized to select a sample of 84 employees, with sample size determined using the Nassiuma (2000) formula. Primary data were collected through closed questionnaires administered via a drop-and-pick method. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 23), employing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and both simple and multiple regression analyses. The findings indicated that the internal control systems significantly affects revenue management in the County Government of Nakuru. Based on these results, the study recommends that the County Government of Nakuru invest in robust monitoring procedures. This involves dedicating resources to systematic reviews of financial processes, transactions, and compliance, thereby ensuring effective and efficient management of revenue funds. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform governance structures, providing valuable insights for improving financial management practices within the county government.
EFFECT OF LEARNING CULTURE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE OF FLOUR MILLING FIRMS IN MOMBASA COUNTY
Adoption of knowledge management in organization is challenged by lack of a coherent strategy that impede the effective transfer of insights across the organization. In addition, varying individual learning preferences and styles within diverse workforces pose difficulties in designing universally applicable learning initiatives. The emphasis has evolved significantly from focusing just on accumulating riches within the organization to a time where knowledge and learning within the business have grown increasingly vital and necessary to organizational survival and continued growth. The objective of the study was to determine how learning culture affects the employee performance of flour milling firms in Mombasa County. Experiential learning theory was used in this study to evaluate the variable. The study's methodology included a descriptive research design and target population was 145 middle level managers, and the sample size was 106 middle level managers of Grain Handlers Ltd, Mombasa Maize Millers and Kitui flour mills Ltd in Mombasa. Data was collected through a close ended questionnaire set on 1-5 Likert scale. A pilot test was carried out to assess research instrument’s reliability and validity. Collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential techniques. The study adopted a multiple regression Model. From the research findings learning culture had a positive impact on employee performance. The study concluded that knowledge management influences employee performance of flour milling firms in Mombasa County. The study recommended for encouraging of employees to pursue ongoing education and provide opportunities for professional development.
HUMAN RESOURCE EMPLOYEE APPRAISAL ANALYTIC AND EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN PUBLIC HEALTH SECTOR IN GHANA
Employee retention is a challenge in the public health sector, and human resource professionals are researching to understand the causes. In pursuit of this, the study sought to investigate the impact of human resource employee appraisal analytic on employee retention in the public health sector, particularly in Ghana's teaching hospitals. Structured onboarding, performance standards, feedback, and incentive are the sub constructs measured under the predictor variable. Positivist research philosophy was applied, and the study dwelt on equity theory. The study used a descriptive survey design with a quantitative research approach. The target population was 605 from all teaching hospitals, and data were gathered using structured questionnaires. The study used a clustered sample of 240 people from the human resources units of the teaching hospitals. The data was examined using SPSS 2.0. The KMO score of 0.782 was obtained with a Bartlett's test significant value of 0.000. Cronbach Alpha value of 0.827 was obtained, exceeding the cut off value of 0.7. Validity was obtained through experts in the human resource development field. The linear regression model statistics coefficient of determinants yielded an R-square of 34% and an adjusted R-square of 33.7%. The linear association between the independent and dependent variables was 58.3%. The ANOVA test showed F-test (89.307) P = 0.000 < 0.05. The unstandardized model coefficient, used to evaluate the study's hypothesis, was significant at 0.00 < P-value of 0.05.As a result, the study discovered that human resource employee appraisal analytic statistically had a significant impact on employee retention. Human resource employee appraisal analytic encourages using evidence-based data to make decisions about appraisal concerns. The study recommends the health sector using continuous feedback analytics as a technique for employee appraisal and retention.
SUSTAINABLE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE OF LEVEL FOUR HOSPITALS IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA
This study aimed to establish the effect of sustainable corporate social responsibility on supply chain performance of level 4 hospitals in Mombasa. It was guided by Systems Theory and Stakeholders Theory. The population consisted of 40 respondents, including the head of the hospital and the head of the supply chain function from each of the 20 level 4 hospitals in Mombasa. A census was used due to the manageable population size, achieving a 90% response rate, which is considered exceptional for the study's validity. A descriptive research strategy was employed and it included a survey of twenty Level 4 hospitals. Data was gathered through questionnaires. Regression analysis was also used to determine the extent to which the study's variables were related to one another. The study established strong validity and reliability for the questionnaire used, with all constructs achieving content validity ratios above the threshold of 0.72 and a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index of 0.821, confirming construct validity. Additionally, Cronbach's Alpha values for all constructs were above 0.700, indicating high reliability and consistency in measuring sustainable supply chain management practices. The study found out that Sustainable Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a significant positive impact on the supply chain performance of Level 4 hospitals in Mombasa. The strong agreement among respondents on various CSR-related aspects indicates active involvement in sustainable practices. However, there is room for improvement in managerial commitment to CSR. The study concluded that while there's a proactive commitment to sustainability in healthcare supply chains, leadership engagement and communication must be enhanced for consistent CSR implementation. Recommendations were made for policy makers, theorists, and healthcare practitioners to promote and strengthen CSR initiatives in the healthcare sector
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION STRATEGY AND PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND PROJECTS IN KENYA
Understanding community participation and its influence on project performance is crucial for the success of National-Government Constituency Development Fund (NG-CDF) initiatives in Kenya. Despite existing studies suggesting the importance of leadership in improving project performance, there are challenges such as substandard workmanship and budget overruns affecting project performance. Community participation is essential for sustainable communal projects, yet it is often politicized, necessitating inclusive strategies to empower and engage diverse stakeholders. This study examined the influence of community participation strategies on the performance of NG-CDF projects in Kenya and was guided by stakeholder theory. The study employed a cross-sectional design to collect data from NG-CDF Fund Account Managers, Project Management Committee members and contractors, totalling 176,243 individuals. A sample size of 384 was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan formula, distributed among the three groups. Structured questionnaires were utilized for data collection to ensure consistency. The reliability of the tools was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, while validity was confirmed through content and construct validation methods. Descriptive (frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation) and inferential statistical (regressions and correlations) techniques were employed for data analysis, summarizing characteristics and making predictions about the population based on the sample data. Findings revealed that there was a strong agreement (37.9% to 60.1%) towards inclusive decision-making processes, needs assessment and clear communication plans. Notably, a majority (44.8% to 60.1%) recognized the openness of the decision-making process and the sharing of project benefits with the community, highlighting the importance of community participation strategy for enhanced performance of NG-CDF projects. The study concluded that community participation within Kenyan NG-CDF initiatives is important, stressing the imperative of transparent communication and the mitigation of participation obstacles to strengthen project relevance and lasting viability. This study recommends transparent communication and addressing participation barriers to enhance the relevance and sustainability of NG-CDF projects in Kenya.
ORGANISATIONAL ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY AND TALENT ATTRACTION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN KENYA
Attracting the best and talented workforce with the right mix of skills to a firm from the global labour markets is a crucial resourcing strategy that enables a firm to distinguish itself from others. Firms with outstanding innovative capacity and strategies and nurture creativity in the workplace are known to attract the best talent. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of organisational environment strategy on talent attraction in the banking industry in Kenya. Signalling and job choice theory underpinned the study. The study utilised descriptive research design. It was carried out in 43 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya with a target population of 2216 operations Managers, human resource and marketing managers, supervisors and bank tellers. The sample size for the study was 339, selected using purposive, random and proportionate stratified sampling. Closed and open-ended questionnaires were used in data collection. Reliability was determined by piloting 34 questionnaires. A Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.719 was calculated, considered suitable for the study. Validity was guaranteed by expert review in the field of human resources and related literature. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. The findings revealed a strong correlation exists between organisational environment strategy and talent attraction (r=0.837, p<0.01). The model coefficient was found to be significantly different from zero (t=6.517, p< 0.001). Organisational environment strategy explains (0.8372) 70.06 % of the variation in talent attraction. Further analysis showed that moderated organisational environment strategy had a statistically significant effect on talent attraction (β = 0.212, P=0.004). Thus, talent attraction mechanism had a significant moderating effect on organisational environment strategy and talent attraction in the banking industry in Kenya. The study recommends that banks should enhance working conditions to ensure they attract potential talents to sustain their competitive advantage.
CAPITAL ADEQUACY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT TAKING MICRO FINANCE BANKS IN KENYA
Maintaining sufficient capital is a vital aspect in the functioning of financial institutions, ensuring that they possess an adequate financial buffer to absorb potential losses. Adequate capital becomes critical for a robust financial system as it fosters stability and safeguards the interests of stakeholders at the same time ensuring a resilient financial system. The purpose of the study was to determine how capital adequacy directly impacts the ability of deposit-taking microfinance banks to generate profits and sustain operations. This ensures that these banks can absorb shocks without becoming insolvent, given that they serve vulnerable populations and small businesses, which exposes them to profitability challenges. The study investigated the effect of capital adequacy on the financial performance of deposit-taking microfinance banks in Kenya for the 2018 – 2022 financial period utilizing secondary data from all 13 registered deposit-taking microfinance banks. It adapted the explanatory correlational research design and relied on secondary data generated from the Central Bank of Kenya and individual websites of the 13 deposit taking micro finance banks. Returns on Assets and Returns on Equity were regressed on capital adequacy predictors using Generalized Methods Method approach and the panel data analysis revealed positive betas for all predictors at a 0.05 significance level. The study concluded that capital adequacy has a significant effect on micro finance banks in Kenya and recommended that microfinance banks should maintain a minimum risk-based capital adequacy ratio of 12.5% to 15%, depending on the risk levels in their loan portfolios. Additionally, these firms must publicly disclose both qualitative and quantitative information about their risk exposures, including their risk management strategies; disclose stress testing results to potentially assist stakeholders understand the nature and magnitude of the risk exposures. By providing comparative data from previous years, they will assist financial statement users a perspective on trends in underlying exposures.
EFFECT OF DIVIDEND POLICY ON SHAREHOLDERS’ WEALTH OF COMMERCIAL BANKS LISTED AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE
The overall objective of this study was to appraise the effect of dividend policy on shareholders’ wealth of commercial banks listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). The specific objectives were to determine the effect of a fixed rate dividend policy, fluctuating dividend payout ratio, hybrid dividend policy, residual dividend payment, and stock dividend policy on shareholders’ wealth of commercial banks listed at NSE, Kenya. The dividend irrelevance theory, information signaling effect theory, bird in the hand theory, and tax preference theory were evaluated to reinforce the variables that were studied in this research. The target population encompassed the NSE-listed 11 commercial banks where the top management personnel from each of the listed commercial banks were selected as the respondents at a sample size of 86 for primary data collection using a questionnaire. ANOVA, multiple regression, and Pearson correlation analysis were utilized as the inferential statistics for additional analysis. This study utilized descriptive research design to interpret the effects of dividend policy on shareholders’ wealth. The regression results for a Fixed Rate Dividend Policy, Fluctuating Dividend Payout Rate, Hybrid Dividend Policy, Residual Dividend Payment, and Stock dividend policy had a significant and positive effect on Shareholders’ Wealth. The study recommends that a flexible hybrid dividend policy that can be embraced by the different stakeholders in the companies should be established and management should continue to steadily raise earnings, cash flow, and dividend payments; when determining a firm's optimal dividend policy, it is important to take its growth trajectory into account, and when creating a dividend policy, commercial banks should take into consideration several factors, including their profitability, dividend history, capital ownership structure, investment prospects, shareholder expectations, shareholder tax status, and capital market accessibility.
INNOVATIVE COMPENSATION STRATEGY AND TALENT ATTRACTION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN KENYA
Organizations with innovative compensation strategy have a competitive edge in attracting and retaining high quality talents. Compensation is characterized as the aggregate sum of the financial and non-financial pay given to an employee by an employer as an end-result of work executed as required. Hence the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of innovative compensation strategy on talent attraction in the banking industry in Kenya. The study was anchored on Resource Based View and Job Choice Theory. It adopted cross-sectional and descriptive research design. The study was conducted in 43 commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya with target population drawn from 2216 Operations Managers, Human Resource Managers, Marketing Managers, Supervisors and Tellers. A sample size of 339 was selected using purposive, random and proportionate stratified random sampling. Data was collected using closed and open-ended questionnaires. Reliability was established by piloting 34 questionnaires. A Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.882 was computed, which was greater than 0.7 and thus considered appropriate for the study. Validity was ensured by expert review in the field of human resources and review of related literature. Questionnaires were developed as per the study objectives and simple language which respondents could easily understand. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that a moderate relationship exists between innovative compensation and talent attraction (r=0.353, p<0.01). The model coefficient was found to be significantly different from zero (t=6.517, p< 0.001). This implies innovative compensation explains (0.3532) 12.46 % of the variation in talent attraction. Further analysis showed that innovative compensation had a lower significant effect on talent attraction (β = 0.143, P = 0.000). However, both innovative compensation and talent attraction mechanism combined have a greater significant effect on talent attraction (β = 0.233, P=0.000). Thus, talent attraction mechanism had a significant moderating effect on innovative compensation and talent attraction in the banking industry in Kenya. The study recommends that banks should seek to have a strategy of communicating innovative compensation systems to potential talents so that they have access to such information that affects talent attraction.
DETERMINATION OF FINANCIAL RESOURCE LEAKAGE AND ITS IMPACT ON VALUE DELIVERY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: A CASE STUDY OF NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA
This study investigated financial resource leakage and its repercussions on value delivery in secondary schools within Nakuru County. Specific objectives include determining the extent of resource leakage and its relationship with value delivery. The study was informed by parents, in different Counties, complaining of being fleeced by school administration. It intended to address the problem of whether there is any relationship between financial resources leakage and value delivery in secondary schools in Nakuru County. The null hypothesis posits no resource leakage and no relationship between resource leakage and value delivery in Nakuru County's secondary schools. It employed a survey-based methodology where both quantitative and qualitative surveys were conducted to scrutinize governance, accounting controls, and resource leakage. The study targeted all 326 registered secondary schools in the County. Stratified sampling selected 33 schools proportionally across ownership and district, with a 20% buffer to address anticipated non-response. Various stakeholders, including head teachers, department heads, accountants, teachers, students, and suppliers, participated through structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis using Spearman's coefficient of correlation revealed notable findings. Price leakage analysis demonstrated a non-significant negative correlation with improvement index (Spearman's rho, correlation coefficient = -0.390, p = 0.059), indicating higher price leakage associated with lower performance improvement. Perceived leakage displayed a significant negative correlation with improvement index (Spearman's rho, correlation coefficient = -0.418, p = 0.059), indicating higher perceived leakage associated with lower value delivery. Recommendations emphasize the implementation of effective financial controls and accountability measures to optimize resource utilization and enhance educational outcomes.
BUDGETARY LEAKAGES AND ITS IMPACT ON VALUE DELIVERY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: A CASE STUDY OF NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA
This study investigated the phenomenon of resource leakage, particularly through budgetary variances, in secondary schools in Nakuru County, Kenya, and its impact on academic performance. The inconclusivity of research in determining the effect of leakage of financial resources informed this study as a problem that needed to be addressed. The problem was further compounded by recent parental complaints on schools overcharging despite government subsidy in Education. Drawing on Agency theory and Contract theory, the research aimed to understand the extent of resource mismanagement and its implications on value delivery. A survey design incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed, involving a sample of 33 secondary schools. Data analysis revealed significant deviations from allocated budgets, indicating deliberate leakage of resources. Surprisingly, despite expectations of a negative correlation, budgetary variances showed a positive association with KCSE performance, suggesting complex dynamics influenced by fee structures and parental involvement. The findings underscore the need for strengthened oversight mechanisms, improved accountability, and enhanced financial management practices in secondary schools to mitigate resource leakage effectively and ensure optimal value delivery. Further research is recommended to explore the underlying factors driving this relationship and promote proBudget management
ORGANIZATIONAL RESTRUCTURING AS A TURNAROUND STRATEGY ON PERFORMANCE OF FOUR-STAR RATED HOTELS IN COAST REGION, KENYA
Globally, the hospitality industry is confronted by a multitude of challenges arising from the complexities of globalization, technological shifts, and the evolving preferences of consumers, leading to poor sales, productivity, and market share. This study explores the influence of organizational restructuring on four-star hotels in Kenya's coast region. Anchored in Contingency Theory, the study adopts a descriptive design targeting 319 managers. Using stratified random selection, 177 respondents form the sample. Data collected through drop-and-pick questionnaires undergoes correlation and Simple Linear regression analysis. Findings indicate a weak, positive linear relationship (R=0.149) between hotel performance and organizational restructuring. The model suggests only 2.2% of the dependent variable variation is directly influenced by the contingent variable (R2=0.022). This implies a minimal impact of the studied factor on hotel performance. Policy implications emphasize targeted support for organizational restructuring, recognizing its limited direct impact, and promoting complementary measures for sustained improvement in hotel performance.
INFLUENCE OF TRAINING PRACTICES ON JOB SATISFACTION OF SECURITY PERSONNEL IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN BARINGO COUNTY, KENYA
School security personnel form a vital segment of the human resources in school and they play an important role in maintaining a safe and peaceful environment in learning institutions. They watch over school property, identify and look into any suspicious events, observe and defend entry, scrutinize every person that comes in and out, document and report incidences of lawlessness in school, and report any violations to the institution’s authority as well as prevent violence of any kind, enforce the school rules, and exert force where necessary. Prioritizing their professional needs is therefore commendable to ensure that they fulfil their daily policing roles. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of training practices on the job satisfaction of security personnel in public secondary schools in Baringo County. The scarcity of current literature necessitated this study since most studies on secondary schools focus on the teaching staff while the category of non-teaching staff, especially security personnel has been largely neglected. The study was guided by the Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) Model. The model postulates that for any training to be conducted, an organization needs to conduct training needs analysis (TNA), determine the training method, develop a programme, implement by conducting training and evaluate the effectiveness at the end of training. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design and the target population comprised 508 school security personnel in public secondary schools in Baringo County. The Slovin’s formula was used to get the sample of 224 security personnel. A questionnaire and an interview guide were used to collect data. These research tools were validated and then tested for reliability. The researcher sought opinions from experts in human resource management to make sure that the items were fair and comprehensively covered the domain under study. Cronbach Alpha was used to test reliability. The reliability of the instrument was 0.831 which was above the 0.70 threshold of acceptable reliability. Qualitative data was analysed thematically based on the objectives. Quantitative data was analysed by use of both descriptive (means, percentages as well as frequencies) and the Pearson product moment correlation as well as the multiple linear regression. The findings showed that training practices (β3= 0.323, p<0.05) had a statistically significant influence on security personnel's job satisfaction. Therefore, training was found to be a major predictor of job satisfaction. It is recommended that school boards of management (BoM) provide regular training for security personnel to enhance their skills and enable them to be more productive.
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Business Management and Processes (ISSN 2616-3209)
FIRM-LEVEL DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT ON CASH FLOW SENSITIVITY OF NON-FINANCIAL FIRMS LISTED AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE
Firm level factors are important determinants of investment cash flow sensitivity of firms in both developed and developing economies. Nonetheless, the effect remains unclear, and how the firm level characteristics of Kenyan non-financial firms influence their investment cash flow sensitivities is unexamined and unknown. Various firm level factors affect the investment cash flow sensitivity of non-financial firms. This study sought to determine the effect of firm level determinants and investment cash flow sensitivity of Non-financial firms listed at NSE. The study was guided by the Agency Theory, the pecking order theory and the free cash flow theory and adopted the descriptive research design with a target population of 48 Non-financial firms listed on the NSE as at 31 December 2021. Secondary data was collected by use of data collection sheet from the financial statements and annual reports of the listed companies. The data was analyzed with the aid of the SPSS (Version 23) software and by use of descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. The study revealed that firm level determinants have a significant effect on investment cash flow sensitivity of Non-Financial firms listed on the NSE. It recommends that the board of management of the listed firms should ensure that proper risk management strategies are put in place to guide financial investment decision. Additionally, the Capital Market Authority (CMA) as a regulatory body of the listed firms at NSE should put in place effective regulatory frameworks that outline business risk practices of the listed firms.
EFFECT OF STAFF ATTITUDE TOWARDS EXTERNAL AUDIT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAKURU, KENYA
The auditor general’s findings and recommendations are aimed at improving the accountability of government institutions. The attitude of the staff is pivotal to this. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of staff attitude towards external audit on the financial performance of the County Government of Nakuru, Kenya. The study aimed to determine whether a positive attitude towards external audit leads to improved financial performance, including improved revenue collection, effective utilization of public resources, and better management of public debts. A conceptual framework was developed to guide the study, which posited that staff attitude towards external audit influences financial performance through its effect on the adoption of external audit recommendations and the adoption of best practices. The study used a descriptive research design and a sample size of 80 respondents drawn from the finance department of the County Government of Nakuru. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data, and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlational analysis and multiple linear regressions. The results of the study showed that there is a positive relationship between staff attitude towards external audit and financial performance in the County Government of Nakuru. The study also identified several factors that influence staff attitudes towards external audit, including the external audit's focus on mistakes, compliance with professional standards, objectivity, freedom from political interference, and the trustworthiness of audit reports. The study concluded that staff attitude towards external audit affects financial performance of county Government of Nakuru, Kenya. As a result the study recommends that by addressing staff attitudes towards external audit the can enhance financial performance.
EFFECT OF ENFORCEMENT CAPACITY OF EXTERNAL AUDIT RECOMMENDATIONS ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAKURU, KENYA
The expectation after an audit is that the audit client will address the concerns raised by the external auditor. In many instances this is not so due to reasons beyond the control of the audit client due to luck of capacity. This study sought to examine the effect of enforcement capacity of external audit recommendations on financial performance of county government of Nakuru, Kenya. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. The hypothesis stated that there is no statistically significant influence of enforcement capacity of external audit recommendations on financial performance of County Government of Nakuru, Kenya. This study employed a multiple study design. Correlational, causal and cross sectional study design were used. The proposed hypothesis that enforcement capacity of external audit recommendations have no statistically significant influence on financial performance of County Government of Nakuru was rejected on the basis that -statistical value of (4.853) was greater than the critical value and that the p-value was less than 0.05. It was therefore concluded that there is statistically significant influence of enforcement capacity of external audit recommendations on financial performance of County Government of Nakuru, Kenya. It was further concluded that the independent and dependent variables of this study are functionally linearly related.
CITIZEN AWARENESS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND BUDGETARY ALLOCATION IN THE NORTH RIFT ECONOMIC BLOC COUNTIES, KENYA
This study set out to examine the influence of citizen awareness on budgetary allocation in the North Rift economic bloc counties and the mediating effect of public participation on the relationship between citizen awareness and budgetary allocation. The research was anchored on Agency theory, Stakeholders theory and Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation theory. The study took on the explanatory study design and targeted 10,690 individuals including elected leaders, county budgetary and planning staff, sub location development committee and county ward administrators. The study utilized a sample size of 320, which was arrived at by use of the Yamane (1967) formula. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The eight counties forming the north rift economic bloc were first purposively selected. Purposive sampling was also utilized in selecting the strata which included elected leaders, the county budgetary and planning staff, the Sub-location development committee and County Ward administrators from the 8 counties. The study then used simple random sampling method to choose the members within the strata. The study further purposively sampled an equal proportion of male and female respondents across each stratum for purposes of representability. Reliability of the study items were assessed by determining the item Cronbach alpha coefficients. All items were found to be reliable, recording Cronbach’s alpha coefficients above the 0.7 threshold. This included Citizen awareness (α=0.916); demographic characteristics (α=0.753); behavioral factors (α=0.757); economic factors (α=0.875); public participations in budgetary allocation (α=0.775); and budget allocation (α=0.766). A questionnaire was used to collect data. The study found that citizen awareness (β = .884, p = .000<.05) had a significant effect on budgetary allocation. Public participation was also found to significantly mediate the association between citizen awareness (β=.4075, LL=.3530, UL=.4651) and budgetary allocation. It is concluded that citizen awareness is an important factor in enhancing budgetary allocation, hence the need to enhance public awareness. It is also concluded that the association between citizen awareness and budgetary allocation is hinged on citizen participation. It is recommended that county governments carry out sensitization campaigns to enhance citizen awareness of the whole budget process; and adopt participatory budgeting to increase the range of citizen participation.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Business Management and Processes (ISSN 2616-3209)
ECONOMIC FACTORS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND BUDGETARY ALLOCATION IN THE NORTH RIFT ECONOMIC BLOC COUNTIES, KENYA
This study set out to examine whether economic factors influence budgetary allocation in the North Rift economic bloc counties and to determine the mediating effect of public participation on the relationship between economic factors and budgetary allocation in the North Rift economic bloc counties. The research was anchored on Agency theory, Stakeholders theory and Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation theory. The study took on the explanatory study design and targeted 10,690 individuals including elected leaders, county budgetary and planning staff, sub location development committee and county ward administrators. The study utilized a sample size of 320. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the respondent. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out on the quantitative data. The study found that economic factors (β = .903, p = .000<.05) had a significant effect on budgetary allocation. Public participation was also found to significantly mediate the association between economic factors (β=.2706, LL=.2257, UL=.3171) and budgetary allocation. Based on the findings it is concluded that economic factors are an important factor in enhancing budgetary allocation. Also, the association between economic factors and budgetary allocation is significantly hinged on citizen participation. It is recommended that the general public be economically empowered by county governments for effective public participation in the budgetary allocation process.
EFFECT OF COMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGY ON CRIME PREVENTION IN NAIROBI COUNTY: A CASE OF KAMUKUNJI SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
Community Policing is increasingly recognized as playing an important role in fostering security and ensuring that crime is prevented. This in turn provides a conducive environment for the residents in every society to work in. Despite the official launch of community policing as a crime prevention strategy, crime levels are still on the rise within cities, towns, estates and villages in form of violence, organized terror gangs, violent robbery, abductions, poaching, cattle rustling, terrorism, and murders. This study sought to determine the effect of community policing strategy on crime prevention in Nairobi County, Kamukunji Sub County, Kenya. The study was guided by the social capital theory, routine activities theory and normative sponsorship theory. It adopted mixed method research approach and descriptive survey research design as guided by the positivist paradigm. The population targeted was one which gave the required information on the study in line with the objectives of the study. This was a total of 250 individuals who comprised of 70 administrators, 80 police officers and 100 community members in Kamukunji Sub-County. A sample of 100 respondents comprising of 28 administrators, 32 police officers and 40 community members was obtained from the population by use of Zikmund (2000) model. The study adopted combination of purposive sampling, stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data was collected by use of structured questionnaires using the drop and pick method and analyzed with the aid of SPSS (Version 20) software. Expert opinion was sought on the validity of the research instrument while the reliability coefficient was determined using Karl person’s product moment correlation coefficient. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The study revealed that there was statistically significant relationship between community policing strategies and crime prevention. It recommended that there should be mechanisms of educating the community on the importance of partnership between the police and the community. This should be conducted in a way that will address the misconceptions and mistrust among the parties.
PROMOTING COMPETITIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: USING CLOUD COMPUTING FOR OPTIMAL BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
Globally, adoption of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) especially emerging cloud innovations are increasingly becoming an integral aspect in enterprises’ decision for sustained growth and competitiveness. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) mainly adopt cloud services in order to facilitate their business operations and increase competitive edge. The key question is how to utilize available resources and opportunities for entrepreneurial success amidst constrained resources and competitive environment. Current advancement in ICT and in particular cloud-based Business Intelligence (BI) offer myriad of opportunities that have potential to accelerate SMEs growth, sustainability and competiveness. However, most SMEs especially in developing nations have not achieved anticipated level of cloud BI adoption and utilization. In particular, use of cloud BI services as an emerging technological paradigm in developing nations is characterized by challenges of slow adoption and sub-optimal use. This is mainly due to limited understanding of value of BI and uncertainties associated with new innovations. This review paper aims to enhance understanding on how to frame use of cloud BI within the five competitive forces model as a way to promote optimal use cloud computing for BI. The paper begins with a review of benefits of Cloud BI in SMEs. Further focus is on the hindrances and uncertainties that require mitigation in order to actualize the great opportunities of cloud BI for SMEs. The emerging insights will inform effective application of cloud computing for competitive business intelligence. This will potentially contribute towards realization of cloud BI in relation to promoting sustained growth and competitiveness in SMEs.
Copyright (c) 2021 International Journal of Business Management and Processes (ISSN 2616-3209)
ANALYSIS OF COMPETITOR FACTORS AFFECTING SALES PERFORMANCE OF SMALL-SCALE TRADING ENTERPRISES IN KENYA
Ideally businesses regardless of size need to constantly re-evaluate their position relative to the market, develop and successfully implement competitive strategies in order to survive the unrelenting competition, grow and thrive. For small scale businesses, competitor analysis is, therefore, an imperative for their survival. Thus, it was of interest to the present study to examine how small-scale trading enterprises tackle competition to increase sales performance. The study, therefore, sought to examine the influence of competitor factors on sales performance of small-scale trading enterprises in Kenya focusing on Nakuru, Nyandarua and Kitui counties. It specifically sought to establish the influence of threat of new potential entrants, influence of substitute products, bargaining power of suppliers and buyers and rivalry among competitors on sales performance of the trading enterprises. The study was guided by the Resource-Advantage Theory. The study adopted a descriptive-exploratory research design targeting 397 randomly selected small scale trading enterprises in Kenya focusing on Nakuru, Nyandarua and Kitui Counties. Data was collected using pretested questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. It emerged that competitor behavior had no statistically significant effect on the sales performance of small-scale trading enterprises in Nakuru, Nyandarua and Kitui Counties in Kenya. The entrance of new competitors in Nakuru and Nyandarua Counties was offset by the practice of coopetition. The effect of differentiation was negated by imitation. The study recommended that the dimension of coopetition be reviewed as without meaningful competition, the businesses will lose their competitive edge.
CUSTOMER ANALYSIS STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF SMALL-SCALE TRADING ENTERPRISES IN KENYA: A SURVEY OF NAKURU, NYANDARUA AND KITUI COUNTIES
Trading enterprises contribute significantly to the economic competitiveness of the country, however, their sales performance has been remarkably low forcing some of them to struggle or go out of business altogether. One of the reasons why these businesses fail is their inability to capture the market. The study, therefore, sought to examine the influence of customer analysis strategy on sales performance of small-scale trading enterprises in Kenya focusing on Nakuru, Nyandarua and Kitui counties. It specifically focused on the influence of customer information, product knowledge, brand knowledge and customer decision-making on sales performance of the trading enterprises. The study was guided by the Customer Engagement Marketing Theory. The study adopted a descriptive exploratory research design targeting 397 randomly selected small scale trading enterprises in Kenya focusing on Nakuru, Nyandarua and Kitui Counties. Data was collected using pretested questionnaires. The results were analyzed using both descriptive involving frequencies, percentages while multiple regression was used for inferential statistical methods. The results revealed that Customer Information abstraction significantly influenced sales performance in Nakuru and Kitui Counties. Customer Decision-Making was significant in Nakuru County while Brand Knowledge played a significant role sales performance of trading enterprises in Nyandarua County. The sales performance of Kitui County trading enterprises was also significantly influenced by Product Knowledge and Brand Knowledge. These results suggest that customer engagement strategies were not necessarily the same across the three counties. The businesses, therefore, need to focus on discovering customer tastes and develop unique ways of delivering products and services to customers.
A CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE
“The search for new sources of finance to replace declining government funding for higher education is a strong imperative for universities in a number of economies to adopt “new managerialism” and “entrepreneurialism”. In the 21st century, the “entrepreneurial university” tends to displace the 20th century’s socially-oriented “mass university”, yet must still co-exist with the traditional “ivory tower” university. “The role of the entrepreneurial university is increasingly being seen as important for finding new ways to compete and succeed in uncertain and unpredictable environments and for finding new solutions to the multiple challenges that need to be addressed for the public good whether local or global”. The main objective of this article was to contribute to the understanding of the entrepreneurial university and to determine the factors for successful entrepreneurship universities. The author used entrepreneurship theories to define and conceptualize entrepreneurial university. Design/methodology/approach: The author used a qualitative approach by reviewing literature on the concept of entrepreneurship universities. Findings: This study presents a conceptualization for entrepreneurial universities and proposes six factors for the successful entrepreneurial universities. Conclusions and recommendations: for universities to transform to entrepreneurial universities it requires considerable effort, top managers of the universities should change the style of management, reduce bureaucracy to enhance decision making, monitor the external environment and reduce time wastage. The result of the study is useful to university managers, investors, academicians and policy makers.
EFFECT OF FIRM CHARACTERISTICS ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
The manufacturing sector in Kenya contributes significantly to the economic growth. Therefore, it is important to evaluate factors that determine the firms’ capital structure. The aim of this research was to establish the effect of firm characteristics on capital structure of manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the effect of firm size, liquidity, firm growth, non-debt tax shield and profitability on the capital structure of manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was built on three theories: Resource-Based Theory, Pecking Order Theory, and Agency Theory. Descriptive research design was employed and the study population was 364 manufacturing firms in Nairobi County. Fisher formula was used to generate a sample of 106 firms, which were selected using simple random sampling technique. Secondary data was collected using data collection sheet for a period of 10 years from 2009 to 2018. Data was extracted from audited annual financial records of the manufacturing firms stored in the Kenya Association of Manufacturers website. The collected data was analyzed quantitatively by use of descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The findings indicated that individually, firm characteristics had a significant effect on capital structure. In addition, a combination of firm characteristics resulted to a significant effect on capital structure except for liquidity. The research concluded that firm size best explains capital structure, followed by growth, non-debt tax shield, profitability and lastly liquidity. This study will provide a clear guideline on how manufacturing firms balance between debt and equity financing.
EFFECT OF DOMESTIC TAX REFORMS ON TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
This paper assessed the effect of domestic tax reforms on Micro and Small Enterprises tax compliance in Kamukunji market in Nairobi, Kenya. The study was premised on the economic theory, neo-classical theory, psycho-sociological theory and benefit theory. The target population was 1,240 Micro and Small Enterprises operating in Kamukunji market. Yamane (1967) formula was employed to come up with a representative sample size of 302 SMEs for the population. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. To ensure questionnaire validity, questionnaire inconsistencies that arose from pilot study were rectified. The coded data was then fed into SPSS version 26 for reliability testing. It was found that there was linearity, multicollinearity test results were satisfactory, that is, between 1and 10 and there was no heteroscedasticity at 5% degree of freedom. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. Model significance was tested using simple regression and variance analysis, correlation and, coefficient of determination. The study found out that domestic tax reforms have a significant influence on Micro and Small Enterprises tax compliance, that is, F (3, 298) = 18.660, p = 0.000 <0.05. The study recommended that Kenya Revenue Authority should administer tax education and conduct compliance audit checks. These findings are important to tax administrators in enacting tax reforms, Micro and Small Enterprises in making investment decisions and researchers for reference and further studies.
FACTORS AFFECTING FINANCIAL INCLUSION AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES OWNERS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
The study sought to identify factors affecting financial inclusion among owners of small and medium-sized enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to: determine the effect of financial literacy, demographic characteristics, and information asymmetry on financial inclusion among small and medium enterprises owners in Nairobi County, Kenya. The analysis adopted a descriptive research design and targeted all of Nairobi County's registered SMEs which were 312,981. The respondents included owners of the SMEs. The sample was 384 owners who were selected using stratified random sampling. The study used primary data that was collected using structured questionnaires. Findings indicated that financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on financial inclusion among SMEs owners (β= .353, P =.000), demographic characteristics have a positive and significant effect on financial inclusion among SMEs owners (β= .628, P = .000), information asymmetry has a negative and significant effect on financial inclusion among SMEs owners (β= -.488, P = .000) and combined, financial literacy, demographic characteristics, and information asymmetry were significant (adjusted R2=0.678; F=202.750; P=0.000<0.05). The study concluded that demographic characteristics have the greatest effect on financial inclusion, followed by financial literacy and lastly information asymmetry. Based on the findings, the study recommended that SMEs owners should seek financial knowledge; the government should pass a statute that requires financial institutions to publish information regularly; and should ensure that all SMEs are financially included to enable them access credit easily and make sound financial decisions.
INFLUENCE OF STOCK MARKET LIQUIDITY ON PERFORMANCE OF FIRMS LISTED IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE IN KENYA
The stock market in Kenya plays a vital role intermediation between borrowers and lenders hence uncertainty in the market impacts negatively to the economy. Unfortunately, the stock market has not been performing well. Despite posting a profit before tax of Ksh 233.1 Million in 2016, it was still a 39% decrease from Ksh. 381.5 Million in 2015. The study sought to investigate the influence of stock market liquidity on performance of firms listed on Nairobi securities exchange. It was guided by liquidity preference theory, trading cost theory and trading volume theory. A survey research design was applied and the study targeted 65 listed companies with sample size of 20 firms for a period ranging from 2014-2018. Secondary data was collected using a data collection sheet. Descriptive and inferential data analysis was done with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 24.0). Findings indicated that individually, market depth, market breadth, market resilience and market immediacy had a direct and significant effect on stock performance. Further, a combination of the stock market liquidity components yielded a positive and significant effect on stock performance. The study concluded that market breadth best explains stock performance, followed by market resilience, market depth and lastly market immediacy. This study is significant because it will enable the government to efficiently regulate the security exchange as it attempts to safeguard the investments of all the investors and help management of various firms on how best they can use the security exchange to raise finance.
EFFECT OF BOARD DIVERSITY AND AUDIT COMMITTEE ACTIVITIES ON FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY AMONG FIRMS LISTED IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE
Globally, firms are currently facing issues related to corporate governance thus facing some challenges that include unreliable financial reporting. This is despite them having board of directors who are mandated to oversee ethical running of organizations. The link between board diversity and financial reporting quality of firms has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. However, some of the studies have so far been done in different sectors and locations and have reported conflicting results. Hence, there is need to conduct a study to establish how board members’ diversity affect Financial Reporting Quality(FRQ) among firms listed in Nairobi Security Exchange(NSE) in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of board diversity and audit committee activities on FRQ of firms listed in NSE. The study objectives were on variables education and age diversity and their effect on FRQ. It was anchored on Resource Dependency Theory and the Upper Echelon Theory. The study employed a longitudinal research design. Census approach was used for all the 40 firms that remained consistently listed between 2011 and 2017. The data was collected using data collection sheet. Random Effect Model proved to be consistent under the Haussmann test and thus was used to analyze panel data. The study found a negative significant moderating effect of audit committee activities on the relationship between age diversity and FRQ. It was also found that a positive significant moderating effect of audit committee activities existed between education diversity and FRQ.